| |
- BufferingFormatter
- Filter
- Filterer
-
- Handler
-
- BufferingHandler
-
- MemoryHandler
- HTTPHandler
- NTEventLogHandler
- SMTPHandler
- SocketHandler
-
- DatagramHandler
- StreamHandler
-
- FileHandler
- SysLogHandler
- Logger
-
- RootLogger
- Formatter
- LogRecord
- Manager
- PlaceHolder
class BufferingFormatter |
|
A formatter suitable for formatting a number of records. |
|
- __init__(self, linefmt=None)
- Optionally specify a formatter which will be used to format each
individual record.
- format(self, records)
- Format the specified records and return the result as a string.
- formatFooter(self, records)
- Return the footer string for the specified records.
- formatHeader(self, records)
- Return the header string for the specified records.
|
class BufferingHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which buffers logging records in memory. Whenever each
record is added to the buffer, a check is made to see if the buffer should
be flushed. If it should, then flush() is expected to do the needful. |
|
- __init__(self, capacity)
- Initialize the handler with the buffer size.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self) from Handler
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- Append the record. If shouldFlush() tells us to, call flush() to process
the buffer.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self)
- Override to implement custom flushing behaviour. This version just zaps
the buffer to empty.
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
- shouldFlush(self, record)
- Returns true if the buffer is up to capacity. This method can be
overridden to implement custom flushing strategies.
|
class DatagramHandler(SocketHandler) |
|
A handler class which writes logging records, in pickle format, to
a datagram socket. Note that the very simple wire protocol used means
that packet sizes are expected to be encodable within 16 bits
(i.e. < 32767 bytes). |
|
- __init__(self, host, port)
- Initializes the handler with a specific host address and port.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self) from SocketHandler
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record) from SocketHandler
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from SocketHandler
- makePickle(self, record) from SocketHandler
- makeSocket(self)
- The factory method of SocketHandler is here overridden to create
a UDP socket (SOCK_DGRAM).
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- send(self, s)
- Send a pickled string to a socket. This function allows for
partial sends which can happen when the network is busy.
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class FileHandler(StreamHandler) |
|
A handler class which writes formatted logging records to disk files. |
|
- __init__(self, filename, mode='a+')
- Open the specified file and use it as the stream for logging.
By default, the file grows indefinitely. You can call setRollover()
to allow the file to rollover at a predetermined size.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- Closes the stream.
- createLock(self) from Handler
- doRollover(self)
- Do a rollover, as described in setRollover().
- emit(self, record)
- Output the record to the file, catering for rollover as described
in setRollover().
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from StreamHandler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
- setRollover(self, maxBytes, backupCount)
- Set the rollover parameters so that rollover occurs whenever the
current log file is nearly maxBytes in length. If backupCount
is >= 1, the system will successively create new files with the
same pathname as the base file, but with extensions ".1", ".2"
etc. appended to it. For example, with a backupCount of 5 and a
base file name of "app.log", you would get "app.log", "app.log.1",
"app.log.2", ... through to "app.log.5". When the last file reaches
its size limit, the logging reverts to "app.log" which is truncated
to zero length. If maxBytes is zero, rollover never occurs.
|
class Filter |
|
The base filter class. Loggers and Handlers can optionally use Filter
instances to filter records as desired. The base filter class only allows
events which are below a certain point in the logger hierarchy. For
example, a filter initialized with "A.B" will allow events logged by
loggers "A.B", "A.B.C", "A.B.C.D", "A.B.D" etc. but not "A.BB", "B.A.B"
etc. If initialized with the empty string, all events are passed. |
|
- __init__(self, name='')
- Initialize with the name of the logger which, together with its
children, will have its events allowed through the filter. If no
name is specified, allow every event.
- filter(self, record)
- Is the specified record to be logged? Returns 0 for no, nonzero for
yes. If deemed appropriate, the record may be modified in-place.
|
class Filterer |
|
A base class for loggers and handlers which allows them to share
common code. |
|
- __init__(self)
- Initialize the list of filters to be an empty list.
- addFilter(self, filter)
- Add the specified filter to this handler.
- filter(self, record)
- Determine if a record is loggable by consulting all the filters. The
default is to allow the record to be logged; any filter can veto this
and the record is then dropped. Returns a boolean value.
- removeFilter(self, filter)
- Remove the specified filter from this handler.
|
class Formatter |
|
Formatters need to know how a LogRecord is constructed. They are
responsible for converting a LogRecord to (usually) a string which can
be interpreted by either a human or an external system. The base Formatter
allows a formatting string to be specified. If none is supplied, the
default value of "%s(message)\n" is used.
The Formatter can be initialized with a format string which makes use of
knowledge of the LogRecord attributes - e.g. the default value mentioned
above makes use of the fact that the user's message and arguments are pre-
formatted into a LogRecord's message attribute. Currently, the useful
attributes in a LogRecord are described by:
%(name)s Name of the logger (logging channel)
%(levelno)s Numeric logging level for the message (DEBUG, INFO,
WARN, ERROR, CRITICAL)
%(levelname)s Text logging level for the message ("DEBUG", "INFO",
"WARN", "ERROR", "CRITICAL")
%(pathname)s Full pathname of the source file where the logging
call was issued (if available)
%(filename)s Filename portion of pathname
%(module)s Module (name portion of filename)
%(lineno)d Source line number where the logging call was issued
(if available)
%(created)f Time when the LogRecord was created (time.time()
return value)
%(asctime)s Textual time when the LogRecord was created
%(msecs)d Millisecond portion of the creation time
%(relativeCreated)d Time in milliseconds when the LogRecord was created,
relative to the time the logging module was loaded
(typically at application startup time)
%(thread)d Thread ID (if available)
%(message)s The result of record.getMessage(), computed just as
the record is emitted |
|
- __init__(self, fmt=None, datefmt=None)
- Initialize the formatter either with the specified format string, or a
default as described above. Allow for specialized date formatting with
the optional datefmt argument (if omitted, you get the ISO8601 format).
- format(self, record)
- The record's attribute dictionary is used as the operand to a
string formatting operation which yields the returned string.
Before formatting the dictionary, a couple of preparatory steps
are carried out. The message attribute of the record is computed
using LogRecord.getMessage(). If the formatting string contains
"%(asctime)", formatTime() is called to format the event time.
If there is exception information, it is formatted using
formatException() and appended to the message.
- formatException(self, ei)
- Format the specified exception information as a string. This
default implementation just uses traceback.print_exception()
- formatTime(self, record, datefmt=None)
- This method should be called from format() by a formatter which
wants to make use of a formatted time. This method can be overridden
in formatters to provide for any specific requirement, but the
basic behaviour is as follows: if datefmt (a string) is specified,
it is used with time.strftime() to format the creation time of the
record. Otherwise, the ISO8601 format is used. The resulting
string is returned. This function uses a user-configurable function
to convert the creation time to a tuple. By default, time.localtime()
is used; to change this for a particular formatter instance, set the
'converter' attribute to a function with the same signature as
time.localtime() or time.gmtime(). To change it for all formatters,
for example if you want all logging times to be shown in GMT,
set the 'converter' attribute in the Formatter class.
|
class HTTPHandler(Handler) |
|
A class which sends records to a Web server, using either GET or
POST semantics. |
|
- __init__(self, host, url, method='GET')
- Initialize the instance with the host, the request URL, and the method
("GET" or "POST")
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self) from Handler
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- Send the record to the Web server as an URL-encoded dictionary
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class Handler(Filterer) |
|
The base handler class. Acts as a placeholder which defines the Handler
interface. Handlers can optionally use Formatter instances to format
records as desired. By default, no formatter is specified; in this case,
the 'raw' message as determined by record.message is logged. |
|
- __init__(self, level=0)
- Initializes the instance - basically setting the formatter to None
and the filter list to empty.
- acquire(self)
- Acquire the I/O thread lock.
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- Tidy up any resources used by the handler. This version does
nothing and is intended to be implemented by subclasses.
- createLock(self)
- Acquire a thread lock for serializing access to the underlying I/O.
- emit(self, record)
- Do whatever it takes to actually log the specified logging record.
This version is intended to be implemented by subclasses and so
raises a NotImplementedError.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self)
- Ensure all logging output has been flushed. This version does
nothing and is intended to be implemented by subclasses.
- format(self, record)
- Do formatting for a record - if a formatter is set, use it.
Otherwise, use the default formatter for the module.
- handle(self, record)
- Conditionally emit the specified logging record, depending on
filters which may have been added to the handler. Wrap the actual
emission of the record with acquisition/release of the I/O thread
lock.
- handleError(self)
- This method should be called from handlers when an exception is
encountered during an emit() call. By default it does nothing,
because by default raiseExceptions is false, which means that
exceptions get silently ignored. This is what is mostly wanted
for a logging system - most users will not care about errors in
the logging system, they are more interested in application errors.
You could, however, replace this with a custom handler if you wish.
- release(self)
- Release the I/O thread lock.
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt)
- Set the formatter for this handler.
- setLevel(self, lvl)
- Set the logging level of this handler.
|
class LogRecord |
|
LogRecord instances are created every time something is logged. They
contain all the information pertinent to the event being logged. The
main information passed in is in msg and args, which are combined
using str(msg) % args to create the message field of the record. The
record also includes information such as when the record was created,
the source line where the logging call was made, and any exception
information to be logged. |
|
- __init__(self, name, lvl, pathname, lineno, msg, args, exc_info)
- Initialize a logging record with interesting information.
- __str__(self)
- getMessage(self)
- Return the message for this LogRecord, merging any user-supplied
arguments with the message.
|
class Logger(Filterer) |
|
Instances of the Logger class represent a single logging channel. A
"logging channel" indicates an area of an application. Exactly how an
"area" is defined is up to the application developer. Since an
application can have any number of areas, logging channels are identified
by a unique string. Application areas can be nested (e.g. an area
of "input processing" might include sub-areas "read CSV files", "read
XLS files" and "read Gnumeric files"). To cater for this natural nesting,
channel names are organized into a namespace hierarchy where levels are
separated by periods, much like the Java or Python package namespace. So
in the instance given above, channel names might be "input" for the upper
level, and "input.csv", "input.xls" and "input.gnu" for the sub-levels.
There is no arbitrary limit to the depth of nesting. |
|
- __init__(self, name, level=0)
- Initialize the logger with a name and an optional level.
- _log(self, lvl, msg, args, exc_info=None)
- Low-level logging routine which creates a LogRecord and then calls
all the handlers of this logger to handle the record.
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- addHandler(self, hdlr)
- Add the specified handler to this logger.
- callHandlers(self, record)
- Loop through all handlers for this logger and its parents in the
logger hierarchy. If no handler was found, output a one-off error
message to sys.stderr. Stop searching up the hierarchy whenever a
logger with the "propagate" attribute set to zero is found - that
will be the last logger whose handlers are called.
- critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with severity 'CRITICAL'. To pass exception
information, use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.critical("Houston, we have a %s", "major disaster", exc_info=1)
- debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with severity 'DEBUG'. To pass exception information,
use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.debug("Houston, we have a %s", "thorny problem", exc_info=1)
- error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with severity 'ERROR'. To pass exception information,
use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.error("Houston, we have a %s", "major problem", exc_info=1)
- exception(self, msg, *args)
- Convenience method for logging an ERROR with exception information
- fatal = critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- findCaller(self)
- Find the stack frame of the caller so that we can note the source
file name and line number.
- getEffectiveLevel(self)
- Loop through this logger and its parents in the logger hierarchy,
looking for a non-zero logging level. Return the first one found.
- handle(self, record)
- Call the handlers for the specified record. This method is used for
unpickled records received from a socket, as well as those created
locally. Logger-level filtering is applied.
- info(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with severity 'INFO'. To pass exception information,
use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.info("Houston, we have a %s", "interesting problem", exc_info=1)
- isEnabledFor(self, lvl)
- Is this logger enabled for level lvl?
- log(self, lvl, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with the severity 'lvl'. To pass exception
information, use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.log(lvl, "We have a %s", "mysterious problem", exc_info=1)
- makeRecord(self, name, lvl, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info)
- A factory method which can be overridden in subclasses to create
specialized LogRecords.
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- removeHandler(self, hdlr)
- Remove the specified handler from this logger.
- setLevel(self, lvl)
- Set the logging level of this logger.
- warn(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
- Log 'msg % args' with severity 'WARN'. To pass exception information,
use the keyword argument exc_info with a true value, e.g.
logger.warn("Houston, we have a %s", "bit of a problem", exc_info=1)
|
class Manager |
|
There is [under normal circumstances] just one Manager instance, which
holds the hierarchy of loggers. |
|
- __init__(self, root)
- Initialize the manager with the root node of the logger hierarchy.
- _fixupChildren(self, ph, alogger)
- Ensure that children of the placeholder ph are connected to the
specified logger.
- _fixupParents(self, alogger)
- Ensure that there are either loggers or placeholders all the way
from the specified logger to the root of the logger hierarchy.
- getLogger(self, name)
- Get a logger with the specified name (channel name), creating it
if it doesn't yet exist. If a PlaceHolder existed for the specified
name [i.e. the logger didn't exist but a child of it did], replace
it with the created logger and fix up the parent/child references
which pointed to the placeholder to now point to the logger.
|
class MemoryHandler(BufferingHandler) |
|
A handler class which buffers logging records in memory, periodically
flushing them to a target handler. Flushing occurs whenever the buffer
is full, or when an event of a certain severity or greater is seen. |
|
- __init__(self, capacity, flushLevel=40, target=None)
- Initialize the handler with the buffer size, the level at which
flushing should occur and an optional target. Note that without a
target being set either here or via setTarget(), a MemoryHandler
is no use to anyone!
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- Flush, set the target to None and lose the buffer.
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record) from BufferingHandler
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self)
- For a MemoryHandler, flushing means just sending the buffered
records to the target, if there is one. Override if you want
different behaviour.
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
- setTarget(self, target)
- Set the target handler for this handler.
- shouldFlush(self, record)
- Check for buffer full or a record at the flushLevel or higher.
|
class NTEventLogHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which sends events to the NT Event Log. Adds a
registry entry for the specified application name. If no dllname is
provided, win32service.pyd (which contains some basic message
placeholders) is used. Note that use of these placeholders will make
your event logs big, as the entire message source is held in the log.
If you want slimmer logs, you have to pass in the name of your own DLL
which contains the message definitions you want to use in the event log. |
|
- __init__(self, appname, dllname=None, logtype='Application')
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- You can remove the application name from the registry as a
source of event log entries. However, if you do this, you will
not be able to see the events as you intended in the Event Log
Viewer - it needs to be able to access the registry to get the
DLL name.
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- Determine the message ID, event category and event type. Then
log the message in the NT event log.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- getEventCategory(self, record)
- Return the event category for the record. Override this if you
want to specify your own categories. This version returns 0.
- getEventType(self, record)
- Return the event type for the record. Override this if you want
to specify your own types. This version does a mapping using the
handler's typemap attribute, which is set up in __init__() to a
dictionary which contains mappings for DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR
and CRITICAL. If you are using your own levels you will either need
to override this method or place a suitable dictionary in the
handler's typemap attribute.
- getMessageID(self, record)
- Return the message ID for the event record. If you are using your
own messages, you could do this by having the msg passed to the
logger being an ID rather than a formatting string. Then, in here,
you could use a dictionary lookup to get the message ID. This
version returns 1, which is the base message ID in win32service.pyd.
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class PlaceHolder |
|
PlaceHolder instances are used in the Manager logger hierarchy to take
the place of nodes for which no loggers have been defined [FIXME add
example]. |
|
- __init__(self, alogger)
- Initialize with the specified logger being a child of this placeholder.
- append(self, alogger)
- Add the specified logger as a child of this placeholder.
|
class RootLogger(Logger) |
|
A root logger is not that different to any other logger, except that
it must have a logging level and there is only one instance of it in
the hierarchy. |
|
- __init__(self, lvl)
- Initialize the logger with the name "root".
- _log(self, lvl, msg, args, exc_info=None) from Logger
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- addHandler(self, hdlr) from Logger
- callHandlers(self, record) from Logger
- critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- exception(self, msg, *args) from Logger
- fatal = critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- findCaller(self) from Logger
- getEffectiveLevel(self) from Logger
- handle(self, record) from Logger
- info(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- isEnabledFor(self, lvl) from Logger
- log(self, lvl, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
- makeRecord(self, name, lvl, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info) from Logger
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- removeHandler(self, hdlr) from Logger
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Logger
- warn(self, msg, *args, **kwargs) from Logger
|
class SMTPHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which sends an SMTP email for each logging event. |
|
- __init__(self, mailhost, fromaddr, toaddrs, subject)
- Initialize the instance with the from and to addresses and subject
line of the email. To specify a non-standard SMTP port, use the
(host, port) tuple format for the mailhost argument.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self) from Handler
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- Format the record and send it to the specified addressees.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- getSubject(self, record)
- If you want to specify a subject line which is record-dependent,
override this method.
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class SocketHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which writes logging records, in pickle format, to
a streaming socket. The socket is kept open across logging calls.
If the peer resets it, an attempt is made to reconnect on the next call.
Note that the very simple wire protocol used means that packet sizes
are expected to be encodable within 16 bits (i.e. < 32767 bytes). |
|
- __init__(self, host, port)
- Initializes the handler with a specific host address and port.
The attribute 'closeOnError' is set to 1 - which means that if
a socket error occurs, the socket is silently closed and then
reopened on the next logging call.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- Closes the socket.
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- Pickles the record and writes it to the socket in binary format.
If there is an error with the socket, silently drop the packet.
If there was a problem with the socket, re-establishes the
socket.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self)
- An error has occurred during logging. Most likely cause -
connection lost. Close the socket so that we can retry on the
next event.
- makePickle(self, record)
- Pickles the record in binary format with a length prefix, and
returns it ready for transmission across the socket.
- makeSocket(self)
- A factory method which allows subclasses to define the precise
type of socket they want.
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- send(self, s)
- Send a pickled string to the socket. This function allows for
partial sends which can happen when the network is busy.
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class StreamHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which writes logging records, appropriately formatted,
to a stream. Note that this class does not close the stream, as
sys.stdout or sys.stderr may be used. |
|
- __init__(self, strm=None)
- If strm is not specified, sys.stderr is used.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self) from Handler
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- If a formatter is specified, it is used to format the record.
The record is then written to the stream with a trailing newline
[N.B. this may be removed depending on feedback]. If exception
information is present, it is formatted using
traceback.print_exception and appended to the stream.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self)
- Flushes the stream.
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
|
class SysLogHandler(Handler) |
|
A handler class which sends formatted logging records to a syslog
server. Based on Sam Rushing's syslog module:
http://www.nightmare.com/squirl/python-ext/misc/syslog.py
Contributed by Nicolas Untz (after which minor refactoring changes
have been made). |
|
- __init__(self, address=('localhost', 514), facility=1)
- If address is specified as a string, UNIX socket is used.
If facility is not specified, LOG_USER is used.
- acquire(self) from Handler
- addFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- close(self)
- Closes the socket.
- createLock(self) from Handler
- emit(self, record)
- The record is formatted, and then sent to the syslog server. If
exception information is present, it is NOT sent to the server.
- encodePriority(self, facility, priority)
- Encode the facility and priority. You can pass in strings or
integers - if strings are passed, the facility_names and
priority_names mapping dictionaries are used to convert them to
integers.
- filter(self, record) from Filterer
- flush(self) from Handler
- format(self, record) from Handler
- handle(self, record) from Handler
- handleError(self) from Handler
- release(self) from Handler
- removeFilter(self, filter) from Filterer
- setFormatter(self, fmt) from Handler
- setLevel(self, lvl) from Handler
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